Cercetarea informațiilor false folosind tehnici de inteligență artificială: provocări
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2065-8281-23-20Keywords:
știri false;, dezinformare;, managementul dezinformării;, procesarea limbajului natural;, învățare automată, ; securitate ciberneticăAbstract
Articolul de față își propune să abordeze o serie de probleme generate de utilizarea modelelor de inteligență artificială în studiul fenomenului de creare și diseminare de informații false, plecând de la dificultățile existente în definirea și clasificarea termenilor consacrați, continuând cu exemplificarea modului de alcătuire a unora dintre cele mai des utilizate baze de date în cercetarea știrilor false, respectiv cu diferențele de abordare în catalogarea acestora
References
Ahmed, H., I. Traore și S. Saad. 2017. ”Detection of online fake news using N-gram
analysis and machine learning techniques.” International conference on intelligent, secure,
and dependable systems in distributed and cloud environments 127-138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69155-8_9.
Bahad, Pritika, Preeti Saxena și Raj Kamal. 2019. ”Fake News Detection using Bidirectional LSTM-Recurrent Neural nETWORK.” Procedia Computer Science 165: 74–82.
Baptista, J.P. și A. Gradim. 2022. ”A Working Definition of Fake News.” Encyclopedia 632-645. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390encyclopedia2010043.
Cezar, Nicholas. 2022. „De ce Războiul din Ucraina nu poate avea învingători.” Național. https://www.national.ro/politica/de-ce-razboiul-din-ucraina-nu-poate-aveainvingatori-762950.html.
Chen, W., X. Xie, J. Wang, B. Pradhan, H. Hong, D. T. Bui și J. Ma. 2017. ”A comparative study of logistic model tree, random forest, and classification and regression tree models for spatial prediction of landslide susceptibility.” Catena 151: 147-160. http://dx.doi.org/
1016/j.catena.2016.11.032
Devlin, J., M. W. Chang, K. Lee și K. Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.
Drew, Chris. 2023. ”35 Media Bias Examples for Students.” https://helpfulprofessor.com/media-bias-examples-for-students/.
EAVI. 2022. ”Beyond Fake News – 10 Types of Misleading News.” https://eavi.eu/beyondfake-news-10-types-misleading-info/.
Emre, Celebi M, Kemal Aydin. 2018. ”Unsupervised Learning Algorithms.” doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24211-8.
ENISA, European Union Agency for Cybersecurity. 2022. ”ENISA Threat Landscape 2022.” https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisa-threat-landscape-2022.Factual. 2016. https://www.factual.ro/.
Figueira, A. și O. Luciana. 2017. ”The current state of fake news: challenges and opportunities.” Procedia Computer Science 121: 817-825. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.106.
Gelfert, A. 2018. ”Fake news: A definition.” Informal logic 38 (1): 84-117. doi:https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v38i1.5068.
Gnanambal, S., M. Thangaraj, V. T. Meenatchi și V. Gayathri. 2018. ”Classification algorithms with attribute selection: an evaluation study using WEKA.” International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications 9 (6): 3640-3644. https://oaji.net/
articles/2017/2698-1528114152.pdf.
Gomboș, Cătălin. 2021. „România 2021: Top FAKE NEWS & DEZINFORMĂRI demontate de Veridica.” https://www.veridica.ro/stiri-false/romania-2021-top-fake-news-dezinformaridemontate-de-veridica.
IFCN, International Fact-Checking Network. 2016. ”Verified signatories of the IFCN code of principles.” https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/signatories.
ISOT Lab. 2017. ”ISOT Fake News Dataset.” https://www.uvic.ca/ecs/ece/isot/datasets/fake-news/index.php.
Kaggle. 2018. ”Fake News Detection.” https://www.kaggle.com/jruvika/fake-newsdetection.
Kaliyar, R.K., Goswami, A. și Narang, P. 2021. ”FakeBERT: Fake news detection in social
media with a BERT- based deep learning approach.” Multimedia Tools and Applications(80): 11765–11788. doi:10.1007/s11042-020-10183-2.
LaMagdeleine, Izz Scott. 2023. ”No, George Soros Is Not Dead.” Snopes. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/george-soros-is-not-dead/.
library-nd.com. 2023. https://library-nd.libguides.com/fakenews/categories.
Lixandru, Livia. 2023. „Ce spune Bianca Drăgușanu despre al doilea copil. «Am tot ce îmi trebuie, cu siguranță».” Libertatea. https://www.libertatea.ro/entertainment/ce-spunebianca-dragusanu-despre-al-doilea-copil-4566539.
Magdin, Radu. 2013. „Constanta: locul unde se ciocnesc interesele. Internaționale.” https://cursdeguvernare.ro/constanta-locul-unde-se-ciocnesc-interesele-internationale.html.
McAlpine, Kat J. 2019. ”Most people can’t tell native advertising apart from actual news articles, according to new research.” https://www.futurity.org/sponsored-content-realnews-1961062/.
McIntire, G. 2020. ”Fake News Dataset.” https://github.com/pmacinec/fake-news-datasets/tree/eb85398bab558791c9f879e9f96ce72a471d2cc9.
Meta. 2023. ”Quarterly Adversarial Threat Report Q1 2023.” https://about.fb.com/wpcontent/uploads/2023/05/Meta-Quarterly-Adversarial-Threat-Report-Q1-2023.pdf.
NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. 2020. ”Defence Strategic Communications .” Academic Jurnal Volume 8 (8). doi:DOI: 10.30966/2018.RIGA.
Necșuțu, Mădălin. 2022a. „Dezinformare: Majoritatea românilor vor ieșirea țării din NATO
—. 2022b. ”Disinformation: The West is fighting Russia using Ukraine as proxy.” https://www.
veridica.ro/en/disinformation/disinformation-the-west-is-fighting-russia-using-ukraine-as-proxy.
Osborne, Hilary. 2017. ”Revealed: Queen’s private estate invested millions of pounds
offshore.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2017/nov/05/revealed-queenprivate-estate-invested-offshore-paradise-papers.
Ozbay, Feyza Altunbey și Bilal Alatas. 2020. ”Fake news detection within online social
media using supervised artificial intelligence algorithms.” Physica A: statistical mechanics and
its applications 540. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.123174.
Parlamentul României. 1968. „Codul Penal din 21 iulie 1968 (**republicat**).” https://
legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/38070.
—. 2009. „Codul Penal din 17 iulie 2009, Legea nr. 286/2009.” https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/223635.
Peiu, Petrișor. 2022. „Blocadă olandeză la porțile castelului Schengen. Pericolul naționalismului
lipsit de inteligență.” Gândul. https://www.gandul.ro/opinii/blocada-olandeza-la-portilecastelului-schengen-pericolul-nationalismului-lipsit-de-inteligenta-19860233.
PolitiFact. 2017. https://www.politifact.com/.
Preda, A., S. Ruseti, S. M. Terian și M. Dascalu. 2022. ”Romanian Fake News Identificationusing Language Models.” doi:DOI: 10.37789/rochi.2022.1.1.13.
Radu, Cristina. 2022. „Antena 3 a prezentat din eroare imagini dintr-un joc video din 2013 ca fiind din războiul Rusiei împotriva Ucrainei.” Libertatea. https://www.libertatea.ro/
stiri/antena-3-a-prezentat-din-eroare-imagini-dintr-un-joc-video-din-2013-ca-fiind-dinrazboiul-rusiei-impotriva-ucrainei-4005144.
Rashkin H, Choi E, Jang JY, Volkova S, Choi Y. 2017. ”Truth of varying shades: Analyzing language in fake news and political fact-checking.” Proceedings of the 2017 conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP. 2931-2937. doi:10.18653/v1/D17-1317.
Schia, N.N. și L. Gjesvik. 2020. ”Hacking democracy: managing influence campaigns and
disinformation in the digital age.” Journal of Cyber Policy 5 (3): 413-428. doi:https://doi.org/1
1080/23738871.2020.1820060.
Smith, K. Annabelle. 2013. ”A WWII Propaganda Campaign Popularized the Myth That
Carrots Help You See in the Dark.” Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.
com/arts-culture/a-wwii-propaganda-campaign-popularized-the-myth-that-carrots-helpyou-see-in-the-dark-28812484/.
Snopes, Snopes Media Group Inc. fără an. https://www.snopes.com/. Accesat 2 februarie 2023.
the ONION. 2023. ”Jimmy Carter Wins Boxing Match Against Jake Paul.” https://www.
theonion.com/jimmy-carter-wins-boxing-match-against-jake-paul-1850487520.
The Telegraph. 2022. ”Deepfake video of Volodymyr Zelensky surrendering surfaces on
social media.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X17yrEV5sl4.
US Department of State. 2023. ”Disarming Disinformation: Our Shared Responsibility.”
https://www.state.gov/disarming-disinformation/.
Veridica. 2022a. ”Fake news: The Netherlands opposes Romania’s Schengen accession because the port of Constanța threatens the supremacy of the port of Rotterdam.” https://www.veridica.
ro/en/fake-news/fake-news-the-netherlands-opposes-romanias-schengen-accession-becausethe-port-of-constanta-threatens-the-supremacy-of-the-port-of-rotterdam.
—. 2022b. „Fake news: The reform of the justice system leads to the undermining of the
Constitutional Court and Romania losing its sovereignty.” https://www.veridica.ro/en/
fake-news/fake-news-the-reform-of-the-justice-system-leads-to-the-undermining-of-theconstitutional-court-and-romania-losing-its-sovereignty.
Wang, W. Y. 2017. ”«Liar, Liar Pants on Fire»: A new benchmark dataset for fake news
detection.” Proceedings of the 55th annual meeting of the association for computational
linguistics 422-426. https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.00648.
Wardle, Claire și Hossein Derakhshan. 2017. ”Information Disorder: Toward an
interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making.” https://edoc.coe.int/en/
media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-researchand-policy-making.html.
WEF, World Economic Forum. 2023. ”The Global Risks Report 2023.” https://www3.
weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf.
XIA, Xin și LO, David. 2018. ”Feature Engineering for Machine Learning and Data
Analytics.” Feature (CRC Press) 335-358. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4362 .
Yerlikaya, Turgay și Seca Toker Aslan. 2020. ”Social Media and Fake News in the PostTruth Era.” Insight Turkey 22.2 177-196.
Yuandong Luan și Shaofu Lin. 2019. ”Research on Text Classification Based on CNN
and LSTM.” International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications
(ICAICA). doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICA.2019.8873454.
Zafarani, Reza, Xinyi Zhou, Kai Shu și Huan Liu. 2019. ”Fake News Research: Theories,
Detection Strategies, and Open Problems.” KDD ‘19: Proceedings of the 25th ACM
SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining. doi:https://doi.
org/10.1145/3292500.3332287
