The terrorist threat to critical infrastructure from the perspective of criminal risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-62Keywords:
critical infrastructure, critical infrastructure protection, terrorism, criminal risk.Abstract
The field of critical infrastructure protection emerged as part of the fight against terrorism. Although a transition to an all-hazards approach has taken place, terrorism remains a significant threat to entities providing essential services. The relief of the legislative framework provides a nuanced understanding of the interrelationship between the constructs of critical infrastructure and terrorism, conceptualizing the latter in the context of criminal risk. By criminalizing acts of terrorism, the legislator intends to protect social values, including those values dependent on the functioning of critical infrastructure. Moreover, exemplification through case law contributes to identifying vulnerabilities and facilitates scenario building based on criminal risks.
References
Bararu, Iosif. 2010. Infracțiunile de terorism. Legislație și procedură penală. București: Universul Juridic.
Burgess, J.P. 2007. „Social Values and Material Threat: The European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection.” International Journal of Critical Infrastructures 3 (3-4): 471-487.
Cristescu, Doru Ioan. 2004. Criminalistic and Judicial Investigation of Offenses against National Security and Terrorism. Timișoara: Solness Publishing.
DIICOT. 2020. „Activity Report 2019.” Bucharest. https://www.diicot.ro/informatii-deinteres-public/raport-de-activitate.
Evans, C.V. 2020. „Future Warfare: Weaponizing Critical Infrastructure .” The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 50 (2): 6.
High Court of Cassation and Justice. 2014. „Decision No. 309/A/2014.” https://www.scj.ro/1093/Detalii-jurisprudenta?customQuery%5B0%5D.Key=id&customQuery%5B0%5D.Value=121153.
INTERPOL. 2018. „The Protection of Critical Infrastructures Against Terrorist Attacks: Compendium of Good Practices.” Compiled by CTED and UNOCT. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/sites/www.un.org.securitycouncil.ctc/files/files/documents/2021/Jan/compendium_of_good_practices_eng.pdf.
Official Journal of the European Union. 2002. „Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism (2002/475/JHA).” Series L, No. 164, June 22.
__. 2022. „Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 14, 2022, on the Resilience of Critical Entities and Repealing Council Directive 2008/114/EC.” L333/164, December 27, 2022.
Roach, Kent. 2015. Comparative Counter-Terrorism Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Romanian Government. 2001. „Emergency Ordinance No. 159 of November 27, 2001, for the Prevention and Combating of the Use of the Financial-Banking System for the Purpose of Financing Acts of Terrorism.” Published in the Official Gazette of Romania, No. 802, December 14, 2001.
__. 2010. „Emergency Ordinance No. 98/2010 on the Identification, Designation, and Protection of Critical Infrastructures.” Published in the Official Gazette, No. 757, November 12, 2010.
Romanian Parliament. 2004. „Law No. 535/2004 on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism.” Published in the Official Gazette, No. 1161, December 8, 2004.
United Nation Organization. 1999. „International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.” Published in the Official Gazette of Romania, No. 852, November 26, 2002.
United Nations Security Council. 2001. Resolution 1373 (September 28, 2001), New York.
__. 2014. Resolution 2178 (September 24, 2014), New York
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The published articles are subject to copyright law. All rights are reserved to the “Carol I” National Defense University, regardless of whether all or part of the material are considered, especially the rights to translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, quotations, broadcasting through the media, reproduction on microfilms or any other way and storage in data banks. Any replicas without the associated fees are authorized provided the source is acknowledged.