THE COGNITIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2784-2487-24-02Abstract
Collecting and acting on data has increased the military’s dependency on the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). Electronic Warfare (EW) controls the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) in order to detect, analyze, and track potential threats. EW provides situational awareness for diplomatic insights, defensive measures and offensive options for each country. EW enables Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (JEMSO). In the EM Operation Environment, the armed forces exploit, protect and attack. More advanced EW can identify, intercept and decode the adversaries’ Data. It can also project directed energy to disrupt enemy operations, reducing the impact of conflicts or preventing some armed conflicts before they begin.
Applying cognitive systems to EW helps the army personnel identify patterns and improve the systems, as well as anticipating the COA. Cognitive Electronic Warfare systems interpret a large amount of data from a range of vast sources to provide hypotheses for action plans. Combining human strategies with computer input ensures the success of Cognitive EW approach. Leaving data collection and probability calculations to computers let humans time to think, to be creative and to use their intuiton in order to find the best solutions.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Haigh, K. Z. and Andrusenko, J., 2021. Cognitive Electronic Warfare. An Artificial Intelligence Approach. Boston: London, Artech House.
Holden-Reid, B., 2014. The Science of War. Back to First Principles. London and New York. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
ARTICLES
Joint Publication 3-13.1. 08 February 2012. Electronic Warfare. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) – Armed Forces of the United States of America. pp. i, v–x
Joint Publication 3-85, 22 May 2020, Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations, https://www. jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_85.pdf
Nord Atlantic Treaty Organization, 22 Mar. 2023 09:56, Electromagnetic warfare, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_80906.htm
Graham, J. D., Gale, D., Sommars, W. and Scott, M., "Shiva Star – Marauder Compact Torus System", Eighth IEEE International Conference on Pulsed Power, San Diego, CA, USA, 1991, pp. 990-993, doi: 10.1109/PPC.1991.733452.
Karlsson, M. U., Olsson, F., Åberg, D. and Jansson, M., "Bofors HPM blackout – a versatile and mobile L-band high power microwave system". 2009 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 2009, pp. 499-501, doi: 10.1109/PPC.2009.5386327.
Owen, J. E., February 2023. An EMP or Solar Incident Could Result in Blackout Warfare, U.S. Marine Corps, Proceedings Vol. 149/2/1, 440. https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/ 2023/february/emp-or-solar-incident-could-result-blackout-warfare
Herbert, D. B., 1 March 1991. "Non-Lethal Weaponry: From Tactical to Strategic Applications" (PDF). Joint Force Quarterly (21). National Strategic Studies | National Defense University: 87–91. https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-21.pdf
WEBSITE CONTENT
Airborne Aesa Systems, Northrop Grumman, https://www.northropgrumman.com/what-we-do/air/active-electronically-scanned-array-aesa-radars
Chirico, F., Cognitive EW, Emsopedia, https://www.emsopedia.org/entries/cognitive-ew/
Ministry of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory and James Cartlidge. 16 May 2024.
Tactical High Power Operational Responder (THOR), The Air Force Research Laboratory, https://afresearchlab.com/technology/thor
Vollin, J., "Vigilant Eagle: ground-based countermeasure system against MANPADS", Proc. SPIE 6203, Optics and Photonics in Global Homeland Security II, 62030F (9 May 2006); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.673686
Wilding, M., Intrinsic Cognitive Security (ICS), DARPA, https://www.darpa.mil/program/ intrinsic-cognitive-security
Grand-Clément, S., 12 May 2022. "Directed energy weapons: a new look at an 'old' technology". United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, https://unidir.org/directed-energy-weapons-a-new-look-at-an-old-technology/
LRAD by Genasis, Long Range Acoustic Devices, https://genasys.com/lrad-products/
Ministry of Defence, DES Comms, May 16th, 2024, Cutting-edge drone killer radio wave weapon developing at pace, https://des.mod.uk/cutting-edge-drone-killer-radio-wave-weapon-developing-at-pace/
BAE Systems, Electronic Warfare, https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/productfamily/elec-tronic-warfare
NEWS OR MAGAZINE ARTICLES
Frahan, A. H., 6 July 2022. "Defense News – Russian army confirms use of Stupor anti-drone rifle in Ukraine". TASS via armyrecognition.com. https://www.armyrecog nition.com/news/ army-news/2022/russian-army-confirms-use-of-stupor-anti-drone-rifle-in-ukraine
Air Force Flight Test Center, December 21, 2006. YAL-1A Airborne Laser Returned to the Center After Modification, Air Force Test Center, Dec. 21, 2020, https://www.aftc. af.mil/News/On-This-Day-in-Test-History/Article-Display-Test-History/Article/2422739/ december-21-2006-yal-1a-airborne-laser-returned-to-the-center-after-modification/
Myre, G., October 21, 2021. 5:04 AM. "Long before Havana Syndrome, the U.S. reported microwaves beamed at an embassy". NPR.org. https://www.npr.org/2021/10/21/1047342593/ long-before-havana-syndrome-u-s-reported-microwaves-beamed-at-an-embassy
Dangwal, A., From FIFA World Cup to Ukraine – Russia Uses Electromagnetic Stupor Anti-Drone Weapon To Counter Ukrainian UAVs. July 7, 2022. Eurasian Times, https://www.eura siantimes.com/from-fifa-world-cup-to-ukraine-russia-uses-electromagnetic-stupor-anti-drone-weapon-to-counter-ukrainian-uavs/
Pelley, S., 2024-03-31. "Havana Syndrome mystery continues as a lead military investigator says bar for proof was set impossibly high – CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. https://www. cbsnews. com/news/havana-syndrome-culprit-investigation-new-evidence-60-minutes-transcript/
FitzGerald, J., 1 April 2024. "Havana syndrome: Report links mystery illness to Russian intelligence unit". www.bbc.com. BBC News, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68706317
Kononenko, B., 06 June 1996. pp 48-51. "Silent Space Is Being Monitored". Moscow ARMEYSKIY SBORNIK..http://www.fas.org/news/russia/1996/druma189_s96005.htm
AI-Enabled Electronic Warfare, DefenceOne, https://www.defenseone.com/insights/cards/ how-ai-changing-way-warfighters-make-decisions-and-fight-battlefield/3/?oref=d1-cards-cardstack-toc
Thaad-ER in Search of a Mission, Aviation Week Network, January 20, 2015, https://aviat ionweek.com/defense-space/thaad-er-search-mission
ELM-2080 Green Pine Long Range Anti-Ballistic Missile Radar, Iai, https://www. iai.co.il/p/elm-20802080s-green-pine
Hengst, G., Sept. 26, 2008. "Test results show Active Denial System as nonlethal weapon". Air Force. https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/122302/test-results-show-active-de nial-system-as-nonlethal-weapon/
Homaeefar, M., March 3, 2019 – 17:11. "IRGC Navy develops anti-laser weapon", Tehran Times. https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/433633/IRGC-Navy-develops-anti-laser-weapon
Ergocun, G., 30 September 2019. "Turkey's laser weapon ARMOL passes acceptance tests". DailySabah. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-laser-gun-passes-acceptance-tests/1597850
"Is Turkey the first country to shoot down a drone with a laser?". 3 September 2019. Ahval. https://ahvalnews.com/libya-turkey/turkey-first-country-shoot-down-drone-laser
Gall, C. and Vladyslav G., "Some U.S. Weapons Stymied by Russian Jamming in Ukraine". May 25, 2024. The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/25/world/ europe/us-weapons-russia-jamming-ukraine.html
"Defence IQ talks to Dr Palíšek about Directed Energy Weapon systems", Nov. 20, 2012, Defence iQ', https://www.defenceiq.com/army-land-forces/articles/we-talk-to-dr-pali-ek-about-directed-energy-system
Demarest, C., Electronic warfare in Ukraine has lessons for US weapons, navigation. C4ISRNET. Monday, May 6, 2024. https://www.c4isrnet.com/electronic-warfare/2024/05/06/ electronic-warfare-in-ukraine-has-lessons-for-us-weapons-navigation/
Katz, Y., September 29, 2010. "And They Struck Them with Blindness". The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/And-they-struck-them-with-blindness
Borisoglebsk-2.deagel.com, https://web.archive.org/web/20151104021259/https://www.dea gel.com/Aircraft-Protection-Systems/Borisoglebsk-2_a003063001.aspx
Bronk, J., Reynolds, N. and Watling, J., 7 November 2022. The Russian Air War and Ukrainian Requirements for Air Defence. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies, https://static.rusi.org/SR-Russian-Air-War-Ukraine-web-final.pdf
"Trenches and tech on Ukraine's southern front". 29 October 2023. The Economist. https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/10/29/trenches-and-tech-on-ukraines-southern-front
Ponomarenko, I., 2 October 2018. "Another blinding laser attack on Ukrainian soldier reported in Donbas war zone". KyivPost. https://www.kyivpost.com/post/7891
Gordon, C., "More EW Than We Have Ever Seen Before in Ukraine", Space Force Official Says, Air and Space Forces Magazine, April 24, 2024 https://www.airand spaceforces.com/ew-ukraine-space-force-training-electronic-warfare-leader-says
