EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-21Keywords:
Keywords: human rights; freedoms; restrictions; military; European institutions; armed forces.Abstract
Abstract: Through international treaties, human rights have reached the pinnacle of their legitimacy, being ratified by most countries. Respecting the human rights is the legal foundation for a democratic society in which the military has a defining role. In the comprehensive approach of the European institutions, protecting and promoting the human rights of military personnel are preconditions for regional unity, stability and security. The European documents provide an integrated understanding of the concept of rights and freedoms in relation to the special status of military personnel in society, representing regulated standards of conduct. Promoting the culture of respect for the fundamental values of human rights, both in the process of military education and training, as well as in exercising their specific tasks, represents an instrument for maintaining the order, discipline and morale of the military, ensuring the effectiveness of military actions and an overwhelming factor supporting the achievement of strategic objectives.
References
CĂLIN Dragoș-Alin, MILITARU Ionuț, MORARIU Mădălina-Ioana, VASILESCU Mihaela, RADU Horațiu Răzvan, CĂLIN Roxana-MARIA, Dicționar de Drepturile omului adnotat cu jurisprudență, Editura C.H. Beck, București, 2013.
2. Constituția României. 2003. Constituţia României, republicată,. București: Monitorul Oficial al României nr. 767 din 31 octombrie 2003.
3. Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Rome: Council of Europe, 1950, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/ Archives_1950_Convention_ENG.pdf.
4. Council of Europe. 2010. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on human rights of members of the armed forces. CM/Rec(2010)4, Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/ result _details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805cf8ef
5. Council of Europe. 2002. Seminar On Human Rights and the Armed Forces. Information and Discussion Paper. Moscow: Council of Europe. https://www.ref world.org/pdfid/425cd67a4.pdf, accessed January 21, 2021.
6. DUPUY Pierre Marie, Public International Law, Dalloz, Paris, 1993.
7. UDOC H., European Human Rights Reports, Vol 29, 2000.
8. GOMBERT Tobias et al. Fundamentele democrației sociale. ISBN 978-9975-79-800-6. Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2012. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/buka rest/12410.pdf.
9. Lege nr. 35 (1997), Lege privind organizarea şi funcţionarea instituţiei Avocatul Poporului, republicată. Monitorul Oficial al României nr. 181 din 27 februarie 2018, București.
10. OSCE. Citizens in Uniform: Protecting Human Rights in the Armed Forces. September 21, 2006, https://www.osce.org/odihr/57532, accessed January 21, 2021.
11. OSCE, Code of Conduct on Political-Military Aspects of Security. DOC.FSC/1/95, OSCE, Budapest, 1994, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/ 41355.pdf.
12. OSCE, OSCE/ODIHR co-hosts roundtable discussion in Riga on role of military associations and unions in Central and Eastern Europe. June 7, 2016, https://www. osce.org/odihr/245051, accessed January 21, 2021.
13. OSCE, Roundtable on Military Unions and Associations. Summary Report, OSCE. Bucharest, 2006, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ docu ments/9/3/22610.pdf, accessed January 21, 2021.
14. OSCE/ODIHR. Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel. ISBN 978-83-60190-53-1, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, 2008, https:// www.osce.org/ files/f/documents/0/c/31393.pdf.
15. PARASCHIV Ramona-Gabriela. 2014. Mecanisme internaționale de protecție a drepturilor omului. București: Editura Pro Universitaria.
16. PURDĂ Nicolae, DIACONU, Nicoleta. 2016. Protecția juridică a drepturilor omului. București: Editura Universul Juridic.
17. SELEJAN-GUȚAN Bianca, Protecția europeană a drepturilor omului. Ediția a 5-a revăzută și adăugită. București: Editura Hamangiu, 2018.
18. SELEJAN-GUȚAN Bianca, Spațiul european al dreptului omului. Reforme. Practici. Provocări. București: Editura C.H. Beck, 2008.
19. TULKENS Francoise, "Execution and effects on judgments of the European Court of Human Rights: the role of the judiciary." Dialogue between judges (Council of Europe), 2006.
20. United Nations. Charter of the United Nations. San Francisco: United Nations, 1945, https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/.
21. United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), UNHR, New York, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr.pdf.
22. United Nations. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, New York, 1966, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/01/ 19760103%2009-57%20PM/Ch_IV_03.pdf.
23. United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines and illuminates global pluralism and diversity. December 10, 1997, https://www.un.org/ sg/en/content/sg/speeches/1997-12-10/universal-declaration-human-rights-enshrines-and-illuminates-global.
24. United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN General Assembly resolution 217 A, United Nations General Assembly. Paris, 1948.
2. Constituția României. 2003. Constituţia României, republicată,. București: Monitorul Oficial al României nr. 767 din 31 octombrie 2003.
3. Council of Europe, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Rome: Council of Europe, 1950, https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/ Archives_1950_Convention_ENG.pdf.
4. Council of Europe. 2010. Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on human rights of members of the armed forces. CM/Rec(2010)4, Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://search.coe.int/cm/Pages/ result _details.aspx?ObjectID=09000016805cf8ef
5. Council of Europe. 2002. Seminar On Human Rights and the Armed Forces. Information and Discussion Paper. Moscow: Council of Europe. https://www.ref world.org/pdfid/425cd67a4.pdf, accessed January 21, 2021.
6. DUPUY Pierre Marie, Public International Law, Dalloz, Paris, 1993.
7. UDOC H., European Human Rights Reports, Vol 29, 2000.
8. GOMBERT Tobias et al. Fundamentele democrației sociale. ISBN 978-9975-79-800-6. Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 2012. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/buka rest/12410.pdf.
9. Lege nr. 35 (1997), Lege privind organizarea şi funcţionarea instituţiei Avocatul Poporului, republicată. Monitorul Oficial al României nr. 181 din 27 februarie 2018, București.
10. OSCE. Citizens in Uniform: Protecting Human Rights in the Armed Forces. September 21, 2006, https://www.osce.org/odihr/57532, accessed January 21, 2021.
11. OSCE, Code of Conduct on Political-Military Aspects of Security. DOC.FSC/1/95, OSCE, Budapest, 1994, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/7/ 41355.pdf.
12. OSCE, OSCE/ODIHR co-hosts roundtable discussion in Riga on role of military associations and unions in Central and Eastern Europe. June 7, 2016, https://www. osce.org/odihr/245051, accessed January 21, 2021.
13. OSCE, Roundtable on Military Unions and Associations. Summary Report, OSCE. Bucharest, 2006, https://www.osce.org/files/f/ docu ments/9/3/22610.pdf, accessed January 21, 2021.
14. OSCE/ODIHR. Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel. ISBN 978-83-60190-53-1, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, 2008, https:// www.osce.org/ files/f/documents/0/c/31393.pdf.
15. PARASCHIV Ramona-Gabriela. 2014. Mecanisme internaționale de protecție a drepturilor omului. București: Editura Pro Universitaria.
16. PURDĂ Nicolae, DIACONU, Nicoleta. 2016. Protecția juridică a drepturilor omului. București: Editura Universul Juridic.
17. SELEJAN-GUȚAN Bianca, Protecția europeană a drepturilor omului. Ediția a 5-a revăzută și adăugită. București: Editura Hamangiu, 2018.
18. SELEJAN-GUȚAN Bianca, Spațiul european al dreptului omului. Reforme. Practici. Provocări. București: Editura C.H. Beck, 2008.
19. TULKENS Francoise, "Execution and effects on judgments of the European Court of Human Rights: the role of the judiciary." Dialogue between judges (Council of Europe), 2006.
20. United Nations. Charter of the United Nations. San Francisco: United Nations, 1945, https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/.
21. United Nations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI), UNHR, New York, 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/ Documents/ProfessionalInterest/ccpr.pdf.
22. United Nations. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. United Nations, New York, 1966, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/01/ 19760103%2009-57%20PM/Ch_IV_03.pdf.
23. United Nations. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines and illuminates global pluralism and diversity. December 10, 1997, https://www.un.org/ sg/en/content/sg/speeches/1997-12-10/universal-declaration-human-rights-enshrines-and-illuminates-global.
24. United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UN General Assembly resolution 217 A, United Nations General Assembly. Paris, 1948.
