ASYMMETRIC OPERATIONS OF THE HOSTILE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICES ON THE ALLIED STATES TERRITORIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-2001-21-14Keywords:
asymmetric; hybrid; threats; intelligence; hostile; strategy; security; case studyAbstract
Globalization and technological developments brought to societies huge benefits, but also new security challenges. State or private entities, having access to new, advanced technologies, and benefiting of the rapid and free movement, developed methods and strategies to harm their perceived enemies. National security, considered alone or in conjunction with those of the allied states or within the security organizations is challenged lately by hostile acts performed by various entities, aimed at weakening societies, value systems, beliefs or even the simply well-being of the citizens. Intelligence services, as part of the national / organizational security systems are called to discover, perform early warning, monitor, and counter such aggressive actions, even if a clearly attribution of the perpetrator is difficult. Our endeavour is to draw a picture of the current preoccupations in the field, presenting also three cases where the uncertainty of the transgressors has been eliminated without any shadow of doubt.
References
Council of the European Union, “European Security Strategy”, 8.12.2003, https://data.consilium. europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15895-2003-INIT/en/pdf. 3
Council of the European Union, “European Security Strategy”, 8.12.2003, https://data. consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15895-2003-INIT/en/pdf. 8. “In an era of globalization, distant threats may be as much a concern as those that are near at hand... The first line of defense will be often be abroad. The new threats are dynamic...Conflict prevention and threat prevention cannot start too early”.
AAP-06, “NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions Edition 2019”, promulgated by NATO STANDARDIZATION OFFICE (NSO) on 11 November 2019, Brussels. 15; 64.
Fiott, Daniel, Parkes, Roderick. 2019. “Protecting Europe, The EU’s Response to Hybrid Threats”, European Union Institute for Security Studies, Chaillot Paper 151, April, Published by Bietlot in Belgium. 45.
European Parliament, European Commission. 2016. “Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council. Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats. A European Union response”, Brussels, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX: 52016JC0018&from=EN. 2
European Center of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats. February 2021. https://www.hybridcoe.fi/hybrid-threats/. Front page
Guide of the National Defense Strategy for 2015 – 2019, chapter Glossary for the Main Concepts of SNAP, http://old.presidency.ro/static/Ghid%20SNApT_2015-2019_AP.pdf. 8
Presidential Administration. 2020. “Strategia Națională de Apărare a Țării Pentru Perioada 2020-2024”, Bucharest, DSN 1/794 din 26.05.2020.
Presidential Administration. 2020. “Strategia Națională de Apărare a Țării Pentru Perioada 2020-2024”, Bucharest, DSN 1/794 din 26.05.2020, Paragraph 50. 12.
Ministry of National Defense. 2020. “White Book of Defense”, Bucharest.
NATO. “NATO’s response to hybrid threats”. 08 August 2019. Accessed on February 2021. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm
NATO. “Secretary General participates in Hybrid Centre of Excellence inauguration with Finnish leaders and EU High Representative”, Accessed in February 2021. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/ natohq/news_147497.htm, 2 October 2017
European Commission. 2020. “Report on the implementation of the 2016 Joint Framework on countering hybrid threats and the 2018 Joint Communication on increasing resilience and bolstering capabilities to address hybrid threats”, Brussels, 24 July 2020. 1
Council of the European Union. 2019. “Complementary efforts to enhance resilience and counter hybrid threats – Council Conclusions (10 December 2019)”, Brussels, 10 December 2019.
European External Action Service. 2019. EU Military Staff, Impetus Magazine, “Single Intelligence Analysis Capacity (SIAC) and its role in supporting EU decision making” Autumn/Winter 2019, Number 28. 10.
Department of Justice. 2018. Office of Public Affairs, “U.S. Charges Russian GRU Officers with International Hacking and Related Influence and Disinformation Operations”, 4 Oct 2018. 1
Ministry of Defense (Ministerie van Defensie). 2018. Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst, Genmaj. O. Eichelsheim, “GRU close access-cyberoperatie tegen OPCW”, 4 Oct 2018. 1-35.
Reuters, Vasiljevic, Stevo. 09 May 2019. “Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt”. Accessed February 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-montenegro-court-idUSKCN1SF144
Foreign Policy Research Institute, Reuf, Bajrović, Vesko, Garčević & Richard, Kraemer. June 2018. “Hanging by a Thread: Russia’s Strategy of Destabilization in Montenegro”. Accessed February 2021. https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/kraemer-rfp5.pdf
Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. 13 January 2017. “Serbia: Two Suspects Detained In Alleged Montenegro Coup Attempt”. Accessed February 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-arrests-montenegro-coup-suspects-ristic-bogicevic/28231807.html
Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty. 10 February 2017. “Serbian Court Rejects Montenegrin Request to Extradite Suspect in Alleged Coup Attempt”. Accessed February 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/serbia-court-rejects-montenegro-request-extradition-alleged-coup-plot/28301782.html
Reuters, Vasiljevic, Stevo. 09 May 2019. “Russians, opposition figures sentenced over role in 2016 Montenegro coup attempt”. Accessed February 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-montenegro-court-idUSKCN1SF144
Radio Free Europe. Radio Liberty. 5 February 2021. “Montenegro Court Overturns 'Coup Plot' Verdicts”. Accessed 27 February 2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/montenegro-court-overturns-coup-plot-verdicts/31088156.html
Bolton, Michael, The Room. 2018. During the meeting in London on 13 July among Donald Trump, John Bolton, Theresa May, Jeremy Hunt and Mark Sedvill (Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Home Civil Service – UK), the later referred to the poisoning operation of Serghei Skripal “as a chemical weapons attack on a nuclear power.” 137