ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HYBRID WARFARE: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53477/2668-2001-21-37Keywords:
artificial intelligence; hybrid warfare; hybrid threats; decision making; machine learning; cybersecurity.Abstract
Artificial intelligence contributes greatly to enhance situational awareness, providing early warning and contributing to the decision making process in the hybrid warfare context. Artificial intelligence brings a paradigm shift to “new” wars and threats, powered by increasing availability of military data and rapid progress of artificial intelligence techniques. The purpose of this paper is to identify researchers’ interest in the use of “artificial intelligence” in the “hybrid warfare" environment and to establish the topics they approach. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to produce a literature review by accessing a scientific database in order to perform an analysis on how connected topics, such as: machine learning, data mining, deep learning and artificial neural network are integrated in the military domain.
References
Alford, Jr., Lionel D. 2000. “Cyber Warfare: Protecting Military Systems." Acquisition Review Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 101.
Bălăceanu, Ion, Ionuț-Cosmin Buță, 2020. “Hybrid warfare’s influence in the military decisionmaking process”, Proceedings The 16th International Scientific Conference “Strategies XXI” Global Security and National Defence, National Defence Security “Carol I”, Bucharest, 15-20.
Bărbieru, Dragos, Elena Șușnea, and Dan Șuteu Ștefan-Antonio. 2019. "Integrated software platform for malware analysis of mobile terminals". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defense University 8 (3).
Bovet, A., Makse, H.A. 2019. “Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election”. Nature Communications 10 (7): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07761-2.
Brown, Nina. 2020. “Deepfakes and the Weaponization of Disinformation”, 23 VA. J.L. & TECH. 1.
Chaudhry, J., Pathan, AS.K., Rehmani, M.H. et al. 2018. Threats to critical infrastructure from AI and human intelligence. J Supercomput 74, 4865-4866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2614-0
Cormier, Daniel J. 2020. “Will the united states learn from the Iraq war?” Naval War College Review 73 (1): 159-163.
Crowdy, Terry. 2008. Deceiving Hitler: double cross and deception in World War II. Oxford: Osprey. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=728283, 218.
Csanád, Fekete. 2018. “The strategic aspects of information warfare”. Hadtudomanyi Szemle = Military Science Review 11 (4): 149-172.
Department of Homeland Security, 2003. The National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and Key Assets, https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/Physical_Strategy.pdf
Evans, Carol V. 2020. “Future warfare: weaponizing critical infrastructure”. Parameters 50 (2): 35-42.
Glenn, Russell W., 2009. “Thoughts on ‘Hybrid’ Conflict,” Small Wars Journal, [www.smallwarsjournal.com]
Hoffman, Frank G. 2009. “Hybrid Threats: Reconceptualizing the Evolving Character of Modern Conflict”, Strategic Forum, no 240, 2009, 5.
Hoffman, Frank G. 2009. “Hybrid Warfare and Challenges”, JFQ / issue 52, 1st quarter 2009: 35-36.
https://hcss.nl/sites/default/files/files/reports/RAS_Military_Applicability_Final_.pdf
Iasiello, Emilio J. 2017. "Russia's improved information operations: from Georgia to Crimea." Parameters 47 (2): 51-63.
Kamenov, Dimitar. 2018. “Intelligent methods for big data analytics and cyber security”. Information & Security 39 (1): 255-262.
Kasapoğlu, Can. 2020. “Turkey's burgeoning defense technological and industrial base and expeditionary military policy”. Insight Turkey 22 (3): 115-130.
Kodalle, Thorsten, Ormrod, Dave, Sample, Char, Knight, Scott. 2020. “A General Theory of Influence in a DIME/PMESII/ASCOP/IRC2 Model”, Journal of Information Warfare; Yorktown, Vol. 19, Iss. 2: 12-26,II-III.
Kremling, Janine, Sharp Parker, Amanda M. 2017. “Cyberspace, Cybersecurity, and Cybercrime”, SAGE Publications.
Maathuis, C., W. Pieters, and J. van den Berg. 2018. “Developing a cyber operations computational ontology”. Journal of Information Warfare 17 (3): 32.
Mansoor, Peter R., Murray, Williamson. 2012. “Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2.
Monakhov, Sergei. 2020. "Early detection of internet trolls: introducing an algorithm based on word pairs / single words multiple repetition ratio." PLoS One 15 (8).
Munoz, Mosquera, Andres B., Bachmann, Sascha Dov. 2016. “Lawfare in Hybrid Wars: The 21st Century Warfare”, International Journal of Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 7, no 1, 63-87.
Patel, Sonny S., Robert M. Grace, Patrick Chellew, Mykola Prodanchuk, Olha Romaniuk, Yuriy Skrebets, Sergii A. Ryzhenko, and Timothy B. Erickson. 2020. “Emerging technologies and medical countermeasures to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) agents in east Ukraine”. Conflict and Health 14: 1-4.
Pătrașcu, Petrișor. 2018. “Cyber security policies in the military domain”, International Scientific Conference "Strategies XXI", suppl. Strategic Changes in Security and International Relations; Bucharest, Vol. 3, (2018), 137-142.
Pirolo, Bradley M. 2020. “Information Warfare and Joint All-Domain Operations: A Primer for Integrating and Prioritizing Data Requirements”, USAF. Air & Space Power Journal ; Maxwell AFB Vol. 34, Iss. 4, 2020: 101-107.
Poh, Angela and Weichong Ong. 2019. "PLA reform, a new normative contest, and the challenge for ASEAN." Asia Policy 14 (4): 107-128.
Pouyanfar, S, Sadiq, S, Yan, Y, Tian, H, Tao, Y, Reyes, MP, Shyu, ML, Chen, SC & Iyengar, SS. 2018. 'A survey on deep learning: Algorithms, techniques, and applications', ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 51, no. 5, 92. https://doi.org/10.1145/3234150
Shalamanov, Velizar, Vladimir Monov, Ivaylo Blagoev, Silvia Matern, Gergana Vassileva, and Ivan Blagoev. 2020. "A model of ict competence development for digital transformation." Information & Security 46 (3): 269-284.
Simons, Greg, Danyk, Yuriy, Maliarchuk, Tamara. 2020. “Hybrid war and cyber-attacks: creating legal and operational dilemmas”, Global Change, Peace & Security, 32:3, 337-342, DOI: 10.1080/14781158.2020.1732899
Susnea, Elena. 2018. “A Real-Time Social Media Monitoring System as an Open Source Intelligence (Osint) Platform for Early Warning in Crisis Situations”. In: International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24 (June 2018), 427–431. doi: 10.1515/kbo-2018-0127
Torossian, Bianca, Bekkers Frank, et al. 2020. “The Military Applicability of Robotic and Autonomous Systems”, https://hcss.nl/